Ecological Art And Its Effects On America And The Impact...

Scientists and Educators have continuously struggled to convince Americans of the existence and causes of climate change. An even larger problem is the inability to express the threat that climate change poses. Evidence and scientific information are not enough for some people to accept the reality of climate change. People tend to rely on their personal experiences with the temperature and environment. Americans consume greater quantities and at a greater speed than a majority of the word. The average American ecological footprint is 9.0 global hectares. The environmental issues are severe in America and the impact the entire globe. Ecological art is an artistic movement to raise awareness and fight against the environmental damages caused by humans. Ecological art is an artistic movement to raise awareness and fight against the environmental damages caused by humans. This genre of art started in the 1990’s and uses practices from the 1960’s. The art practice works to preserve, reverse, stop environmental damage, or vitalize the life forms, resources and ecology of earth. These practices also serve as social-ecological modes of engagement stated by Sacha Kagan, in her article â€Å"The Practice of Ecological Art.† In this art practice artist can easily bring awareness and reach many people being that the actual art is normally in a public nature setting. Artist, Mandy Barker recently stated Art is a form of communication that has the ability to promote the challengesShow MoreRelatedGlobalization Is A Complex Phenomenon3186 Words   |  13 PagesInternational Monetary Fund (IMF) acknowledged four essential aspects of globalization which include trade and transactions, capital and investment movements, migration and movement of people as well as the propagation of knowledge. 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The Purpose of Advertising Essay - 1263 Words

The Purpose of Advertising The purpose of advertising is to familiarise the public with a certain brand or product. Companies spend millions of pounds a year on advertising so that when the public are searching for a product or service a certain brand is recognised and, as a result, their product or service is chosen. Companies need to ensure that their money is spent wisely. They do this by completing extensive market and physcological research. Members of the public from a company’s target group or audience are chosen to express their views about the advertisment before it is published or aired. Media can include television, cinema and radio. This is the communications aspect of†¦show more content†¦This is illustrated in the first advertisment, for Chanel No.5 perfume. The classic, sophisticated design immediately sets the tone for the advert and for the type of audience it has been aimed at. 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Essay On Slaughterhouse Five Example For Students

Essay On Slaughterhouse Five This first chapter, a preface, is insistent on the fact that the book is based on real events. Vonnegut, like our narrator, is a veteran of World War II, a former prisoner of war, and a witness to a great massacre, and that fact lends a certain authority to what follows. Vonnegut shares with us his enduring inability to render in writing the horror of Dresden. There is nothing intelligent to say about a massacre, yet he feels the need to say something. The book unabashedly charts the author’s struggle to find a way to write about what he saw in a way that neither belittles nor glorifies it. This struggle we keep in the back of our minds as we proceed to read of Billy Pilgrim’s life. The author also irrevocably creates himself as a character in the narrative. It is Kurt Vonnegut, the writer, the former POW, who speaks of the many times he has tried and failed to write this book. It is Kurt Vonnegut, too, who utters the first â€Å"So it goes† after relating that the mother of his taxi driver during his visit to Dresden in 1967 was incinerated in the Dresden attack. â€Å"So it goes† is repeated after every report of every death. It becomes a mantra of resignation, of acceptance, of a supremely Tralfamadorian philosophy (something we will be introduced to later). But because the phrase is first uttered by Vonnegut writing as Vonnegut, each â€Å"So it goes† seems to come directly from the author and from the world outside the fiction of the text. Chapter One also hints that time will be an important part of the fiction to follow. The author was going around and around in circles trying to create a linear narrative. He felt like he was stuck inside a children’s song that continued indefinitely, its last line maddeningly serving as also as its first. Only when he begins to think about static time, about returning endlessly to the events of one’s life, about moments existing for eternity in no particular order, is he able to break through twenty years of frustration and write Slaughterhouse Five.

Discussion on Quantitative Reasoning for Business Course free essay sample

Discussion on Quantitative Reasoning for Business Course Self Reflection Paper 10/15/08 Discussion on Quantitative Reasoning for Business Course For many years, the quantitative or mathematical approach to business problem solving was the cornerstone of MBA programs worldwide. The traditional approach has been a rational analysis: information is collected, collated, analyzed and interpreted, alternatives are formulated, and a logical choice is consciously arrived at (Bagchi, 2005). In practice this means: â€Å"the more information, the better; ‘cool and calm’ strategic thinking should not be ‘debased’ by feelings; efficient thought and behavior must be called upon to subjugate emotion† (Sadler-Smith, 2004). The Quantitative Reasoning for Business course would provide me with the prerequisites necessary to master the rational analysis. In recent years, however, the usefulness of the quantitative analysis training for future managers has been put into doubt. The requirement for fast decisions and the limits of human beings’ rational information-processing capacities may combine to impose severe demands upon executives’ cognitive capabilities to handle masses of information at the necessary speed (Sadler-Smith, 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on Discussion on Quantitative Reasoning for Business Course or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That is when intuition comes into play. Intuition is difficult to describe but easy to recognize. Many of us will be intimately familiar with our own intuitions and will probably be able to identify, and may even envy or admire, those individuals who confidently display a ‘gut feel’ for complex situations and who appear to have an ‘instinct’ for grasping key issues quickly. This quality can be nurtured through life experience. The optimal solution thus, might be a combination of two approaches depending on circumstances. The relationship between intuition and rationality can work in two ways. For example, proceeding from intuition to rational analysis represents a ‘validation’ sequence in which gut feeling may be checked out by rational analysis by posing questions such as ‘Do the data support my hunch? Proceeding from rational analysis to intuition represents an ‘incubation’ sequence in which intuition provides an expertise-based or feelings-based validation for judgments arrived at through rational analysis (Sadler-Smith, 2004). In summary, quantitative training will probably benefit me by preparing me for the future courses in economics, finance, accounting, operations, and research (Quantitative Reasoning for Business Overview, nd). More importantly though, it will prepare me for the future ‘real world’ w ork, even when its direct usefulness is not as extensive as often believed its proponents.

Campaign Finance Reform free essay sample

Asseses Senate Bill 1219 and obstacles to its passage. Discusses background, need for, politics, constitutionality, provisions, goals, bipartisan support and interest groups. Campaign finance reform has been debated since Richard Nixon ran for the Vice Presidency under Eisenhower. In the wake of the Watergate fiasco, some meaningful reforms were made. However, there have been no major changes to campaign finance laws since that time. The time is ripe for change, but what kind of changes do we want? Do we want changes that make a joke of our constitution or do we want changes within the boundaries of the constitution? The major issue is soft money was originally intended to go to party-building activities and get-out-the-vote drives but which increasingly has been used as a way to funnel large contributions to presidential and other candidates. (Hamburger, Tom Campaign-finance debate jumps to center stage // There is widespread agreement that federal election rules need repairing. We will write a custom essay sample on Campaign Finance Reform or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But there is no consensus on how, and there is lots of opposition to the lead. Minneapolis Star Tribune, 09-28-1997, pp 21A). However, the McCain-Feingold bill, the one most advocates support, would also limit advertising. The problem with that is any changes that try and skirt around the constitution, by limiting free speech, will most likely be thrown out by the Supreme Court. Until recently most congressmen did not look at finance reform seriously.

Realism in On the Waterfront essays

Realism in On the Waterfront essays Though the style of realism is not big, flashy, or constantly moving, it does have a sort of richness about it that, director, Elia Kazan achieves so accurately in his 1954 classic, On the Waterfront. Through his use of subtle photography, we, as an audience, are able to break away from the fact that we are watching a movie, and focus on the interaction and emotion of the characters. It is as if we are standing in the very room with the characters, observing the scene. Almost nothing is shown that we wouldnt be able to see ourselves. In fact, virtually the only obscure angle in the entire film was an oblique angle near the end when we are shown the severity of Terrys injuries through his eyes as he attempts to walk up the dock. In any formalistic film, this angle and others like it would have been used much more freely. Similar to the photography, the editing in On the Waterfront is miniscule. Most of the editing techniques are match cuts; flowing steadily through the scenes with only a few cuts to necessary characters or places. This minimalism becomes quite evident in the scene where Terry and Edie nearly get hit by the truck. In a formalistic film, the director might have chosen to show the frantic chaos of a moment by inserting multiple jump cuts, cutaways and cut-ins. An example of this would be the shower scene in Hitchcocks horror classic, Psycho, because he jumps in, out and away throughout those few moments of the murder and the audience is able to see exactly what Marion Crane sees. On the contrary, in a realistic film, such as On the Waterfront, we must rely on the actors reaction and expression in order to grasp the mood or feeling. When Terry turns around and sees that truck headed for himself and Edie, we know by that frozen look of horror, that this is a bad situation. Because On the Waterfront is a realistic fi...

Housing economics (Housing Studies) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Housing economics (Housing Studies) - Essay Example There is no government intervention in this economy (Grant & Vidler, 2000, p. 19). The free market system consists of four main categories of actors. They are â€Å"consumers, producers, owners of private property (land and capital) and government† (Economics, 1977). Each actor in the pure market economy is motivated their own self-interest and they take every decision based on their private gain. In this context we make an assumption of rationality. It is a very important assumption that considers that the market actors are rational in the sense that they are both consistent and transitive in the choices that they make. If a person chooses a basket of commodities ‘X’ over a basket of commodities ‘Y’ at a particular point of time, she would choose the same basket of commodities an instant later provided that there are not any alterations made in the baskets. Secondly, if a person chooses ‘X’ over ‘Y’ and ‘Y’ over ‘Z’, he would prefer ‘X’ over ‘Z’. It is a lso to be noted that a rational individual would want more of a normal good (increases consumption of which gives increased utility) than less of it. In the free market economy, any stability issue is resolved without external intervention and it is made possible through â€Å"consistent maximization of a well-ordered function, such as a utility or profit function† (Etzioni, 2010, p. 142) by the two main forces of the market; the consumers and the producers. According to the famous proposition by Adam Smith, an invisible hand works in the free market economy. The housing system in the United Kingdom is a large and complex system and includes a range of relationships between the owners and occupiers of the homes. The houses might e occupied by the owners or might involve various rental tenures in the private sector including the â€Å"not-for profit and local authority sectors† (Diacon, Pattison & Vine, 2009, p. 6). This market consists of millions of existing

Statistics Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statistics Assignment - Essay Example According to Gore and Altman (1992), Chi-square test is used in situations where the data table has two or more rows and columns and where there is no cell with less than 5 as a value. In this case, Chi-square tests can be performed since the table obeys the two conditions. If otherwise, the Chi-square exact goodness of fit test is used since it takes care of cells with less than value 2. In case of less than two rows, then independent t-test will be used. The ANOVA test compares the variations due to regression (SSR) and un-explained variation (SSE). Further, the analysis computes the F statistics (F computed) using the formula; F = MSE/MSR and compares it with the F tabulated value; qf(.95,1,198) = 3.89 and then compares the two values. According to Gore and Altman (1992), the regression model is significant if F (computed) > F (tabulated). The analyzed data further assures that there is no significant difference between the two groups with F =1.929 (p=.166; p>.05). This is so because, F (computed) = 1.926 .05 we reject the null hypothesis that the impact of the two groups is statistically significant at 95% level of significance. The two groups explain about 4.805 (sum of squares due to regression) of the variations in back pain improvements. The difference between participating in group discussions and group exercises is about 4.805 regression sum of square with. The un-explained variation (residual sums of squares) is about 493.995. Statistically, the interaction between certain factors may have a negative impact on the data being modelled. Considering each factor alone is encouraged to avoid the negative effects of interactions. Adjusting for extra factors changes the outcome results. For example, in this analysis, fully adjusting the explanatory variables results into a different p-value although statistically significant. The interaction between age, race and sex adjusted and

Criminology in the Future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminology in the Future - Essay Example As criminals become more sophisticated in their use of technology, forms of crime committed by them also become increasingly complex and difficult to understand and manage. Thus police and security officials must stay current in their knowledge and understanding of emerging crime, and both well resourced and expert regarding their own technological capabilities (p.36). Schmalleger (2012, Chapter 13) considered technology to be one of the causes of new forms of crime, since it facilitates new forms of criminal behavior. In his Chapter 13, Schmalleger (2012) named several types of cybercrimes, including crimes requiring use of modern technology, such as identity theft. All of these types of crimes arose out of technological innovations. However, criminal justice system has been revolutionized too since the 1970’s, all due to new technologies (Peterson & Leggett, 2007, p.621). Modern technology has revolutionized the criminal justice system. DNA testing by forensic biologists has become crucial in many capital offenses, as it exonerated many innocent defendants and eliminated blind faith in the criminal justice system (Petherick, Turvey & Ferguson, 2010, p.309). In 1990, the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) was established in order to gather DNA of all convicted felons (Peterson & Leggett, 2007, p.635 - 636). Use of computers has been crucial in fighting crime as well. In the 1980’s, first computerized databases of forensic evidence were established (Peterson & Leggett, 2007, p.630). Database forensics evolved, and soon became crucial in fighting cybercrimes (Khanuja & Adane, 2011, p.170). More subfields evolved. Forensic toxicology enables testing of drugs and other chemical compounds found on the crime scene (Petherick, Turvey & Ferguson, 2010, p.432). Other forensic scientists conduct fire debris analysis, which is again a chemical compound analysis (Petherick, Turvey & Ferguson, 2010, p.434). Trace evidence analysis

Classifications of Liquid Crystals

Classifications of Liquid Crystals 1. Introduction 1. Introduction to Liquid Crystals 1.1 Historical background Liquid crystals are a unique state of matter, between solid (crystalline) and liquid (isotropic) phases some compounds form a distinct, different intermediate phase, sometimes referred to as the â€Å"fourth state of matter† or â€Å"mesophase†. These compounds display properties of both solid and liquid. Anisotropic intermolecular interactions of the molecules, or mesogens, within a liquid crystalline material mean that the molecules possess some orientational or positional order but with a lower degree of organisation compared with a crystalline solid. This means liquid crystals possess liquid-like flowing behaviour, but because of their positional order, such compounds are often more viscous. Liquid crystals are attributed to their sensitivity to various stimuli, such as temperature, electric and magnetic fields. This sensitivity, combined with the self-assembling behaviour of liquid crystals make them extremely interesting and fascinating for chemists and physicists . Friedrich Reinitzer, a botanist at the Karl-Ferdinands-Università ¤t was the first to discover and publish work on liquid crystals[1] in 1888. In this paper he described the melting phenomena of cholesterol benzoate, in which there were two melting points; the compound transforms into a cloudy fluid at 145.5  °C which became clear at 178.5  °C.[1] Reinitzer could not explain these observations, so he sought help from physicist Otto Lehmann, an expert in polarisation microscopy. Lehmann investigated the optical properties of the compound and found crystallites in the cloudy fluid, and observed this to be an intermediate phase (or â€Å"mesophase† – from Ancient Greek,ÃŽ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (mà ©sos) meaning â€Å"middle†) between the liquid and solid phase. This intermediate phase showed birefringence but also flowed like a liquid.[2] In 1904, Lehmann was the first to coin the term â€Å"Liquid crystal† for these types of compounds. Vorlà ¤nder, a German chemist, was another pioneer in liquid crystal research and he discovered that molecular shape was very important in the geometry of the mesophase.[3] In 1935 Vorlà ¤nder retired but due to his research most of the liquid crystals up this date had been synthesised by him. For a long time liquid crystals were merely scientific curiosity.[4] The unique properties of liquid crystals together with some molecules being sensitive to electric fields, began the research by Heilmeier[5] in 1968 which led to the discovery and widespread applications in liquid crystal displays (LCDs).[6][7][8][9][10][11] 1.2 Classifying Liquid Crystals Liquid crystals are classified in many ways,[12][13] molecules within the mesophases (mesogens) can be calamitic (rod-like), discotic (disc-like), amphiphilic, nonamphiphilic, metal containing, non-metal containing and low molecular weight or polymeric. Liquid crystals either show thermotropic behaviour or lyotropic behaviour. Thermotropic behaviour means the compounds are liquid crystalline within a defined temperature range, below this range compounds are crystalline and above it compounds are isotropic liquids (figure 1). Thermotropic liquid crystalline compounds also require no solvent. Lyotropic liquid crystals are dependent on solvents, where solvent concentration affects aggregation and liquid crystal behaviour. Figure 1: Rod-like (calamitic) molecules representing molecular arrangement of thermotropic liquid crystalline phase transitions. This work is focused on calamitic, thermotropic liquid crystals. Mesophases of such liquid crystals can be divided into categories which depend on the orientation and order. The main categories are nematic (N), smectic (Sm) and cholesteric (N*) (or chiral nematic) (figure 2). Figure 2: Molecular arrangements of different sub-phase allignments. 1.2.2 Nematic Phases The nematic phase is the simplest mesophase known; there is long range orientational order between the mesogens but no short range positional order. Mesogens are able to freely translate and rotate along the director field (n) but are randomly distributed in space. â€Å"Nematic† comes from the Ancient Greek word ÃŽ ½ÃŽ µÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ± (â€Å"nema† meaning thread) as when observed through a microscope thread-like structures are observed. 1.2.1 Smectic Phases Liquid crystals with smectic mesophases were originally discovered from amphiphilic molecules, the phase type coming from the Ancient Greek word ÏÆ'ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ µÃŽ ºÃâ€žÃŽ ¿ÃÆ' (â€Å"smektos† meaning soap-like). Today, the word smectic is used for liquid crystals in which the molecules occupy orientational order, but are also organised in layers[14]. These organised layers can slide relative to each other, which contributes to the liquid character of the liquid crystal phase. Many smectic phases have been discovered, each smectic phase differs in the orientation and position of the mesogens.[15] Smectic phases are distinguished by letters; SmA, SmB, SmC etc. with SmA and SmC being the most common. Smectic phases are distinguished via the molecular orientation within the layers (figure 2).[16][17] Smectic A (SmA) mesophases have molecules aligned along a director field (n) and are parallel to the layer normal and in smectic C (SmC) mesophases the molecules are tilted at a certai n angle away from the layer normal.[17] Compounds exhibiting smectic mesophases are sometimes referred to as two dimensional liquids, since there is no positional order within each layer.[14] 1.2.3 Cholesteric Phases The cholesteric phase is the nematic phase only mesogens change orientation in a helical manner with respect to the director field (n). The director field in the cholesteric phase changes direction and is perpendicular to the direction of the helix. The chirality comes from the molecules orienting themselves into a helix; each layer is non-superimposable. Within the cholesteric mesophase is the pitch, which is defined as the distance between one mesogenic layer and another which has rotated 360  ° to the director field (figure 3). Figure 3: Representation of the cholesteric mesophase with the cholesteric pitch. The first observed liquid crystals based on cholesterol derivatives showed this mesophase type, which is where the mesophase name â€Å"cholesteric† originates.[1][2] 1.2.4 Chiral Liquid Crystals There are 3 main types of chiral liquid crystals. The first type was found with cholesterol benzoate (the first liquid crystal discovery) in which the molecule contains one or more stereocentres. These form liquid crystals with helical order in the mesophase. The second type contains two molecules; a chiral guest molecule and an achiral nematic molecule. These molecules are mixed together to form chiral cholesteric structures. In the third type, mesogens layer themselves perpendicular to each other forming a helix or twist. These molecules do not need to be chiral, as the perpendicular stacking form helixes, giving this third type the name twisted nematic. Twisted nematic phases are found in liquid crystal displays and chiral liquid crystals overall are useful in the field of stereochemistry, optics and material science.[12] 1.3 Ionic Liquid Crystals Knight and Shaw were the first to discover liquid crystals which were ionic in 1938; the compounds had a pyridinium cationic core and flexible alkyl chains attached.[18] Ionic liquid crystals possess properties characteristic of liquid crystals (molecular order, mobility, anisotropy of physical properties) and ionic liquids (conductivity, thermal stability)[19] making them very interesting and useful for ion conduction (aligned ionic liquids[20][21]), electroluminescence (which can be used in organic light emitting diodes), manufacturing of displays[10], spatial light modulators[22], optical connectors and switches[23], molecular sensors and detectors[24][25] References [1] F. Reinitzer, Monatsh Chem 1888, 9, 421–441. [2] O. Lehmann, Z Phys Chem 1889, 4, 462–472. [3] D. Vorlà ¤nder, Z Phys Chem 1923, 105, 211–254. [4] T. J. Sluckin, D. A. Dunmur, H. Stegemeyer, Crytals That Flow Classic Papers from the History of Liquid Crystals, 2004. [5] G. H. Heilmeier, L. A. Zanoni, L. A. Barton, Appl Phys Lett 1968, 13, 46–47. [6] M. Schadt, H. Seiberle, A. Schuster, Nature 1996, 381, 212–215. [7] M. Schadt, W. Helfrich, Appl Phys Lett 1971, 18, 127–128. [8] M. Schadt, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2009, 48, 03B001. [9] H. Kawamoto, Process IEEE 2002, 90, 460–500. [10] M. A. Karim, Electro-Optical Displays, CRC Press, 1992. [11] P. Yeh, C. Gu, Optics of Liquid Crystal Displays, John Wiley Sons, 2010. [12] I. Dierking, in Textures Liq. Cryst., Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, 2003, pp. i–xi. [13] P. J. Collings, J. S. Patel, Handbook of Liquid Crystal Research, Oxford University Press, 1997. [14] A. Jakli, A. Saupe, One- and Two-Dimensional Fluids: Properties of Smectic, Lamellar and Columnar Liquid Crystals, CRC Press, 2006. [15] C. Bahr, in Chirality Liq. Cryst. (Eds.: H.-S. Kitzerow, C. Bahr), Springer New York, 2001, pp. 223–250. [16] M. Barà ³n, Pure Appl. Chem. 2001, 73, DOI 10.1351/pac200173050845. [17] B. Chen, X. B. Zeng, U. Baumeister, S. Diele, G. Ungar, C. Tschierske, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 4621–4625. [18] G. A. Knight, B. D. Shaw, J. Chem. Soc. 1938, 682–683. [19] K. Binnemans, Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 4148–4204. [20] T. Kato, Science 2002, 295, 2414–2418. [21] M. Yoshio, T. Kagata, K. Hoshino, T. Mukai, H. Ohno, T. Kato, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 5570–5577. [22] B. Bahadur, Liquid Crystals — Applications and Uses: (Volume 3), WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1992. [23] J. L. De Bougrenet de la Tocnaye, Liq. Cryst. 2004, 31, 241–269. [24] A. Hussain, A. S. Pina, A. C. A. Roque, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2009, 25, 1–8. [25] C. Ohm, M. Brehmer, R. Zentel, Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 3366–3387.

The Symbol of Blood in William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- William

The Symbol of Blood in William Shakespeare's Macbeth Blood represents life, death and often injury. It is an essential part of life, and without blood, we could not live. In Macbeth, Shakespeare uses the symbol of blood to represent treachery, murder and death. The word "blood", or different forms of it, appear numerous times throughout the play. Interestingly, the symbol of blood changes throughout the play, corresponding to the atmosphere and mood changes in the characters and the play. First, blood is a reference of honor, and this occurs when Duncan sees the injured sergeant and says, "What bloody man is that?"(1.2.1). This is symbolic of the brave fighter who been injured in a valiant battle for Scotland. The sergeant goes on to describe the courageous actions of Macbeth and says, "With his brandished steel, which smoked with bloody execution . . . [Macbeth] unseamed [Macdonwald] from the nave to th? chops"(1.2.20&23). This refers to Macbeth?s braveness in confronting and executing Macdonwald in battle, using his sword that is covered in the blood of the enemy. ...

Asessment

I will continue to use this priority direction as the example in this assessment 1 guide. Your assignment task is to: 1 . Select one priority direction from the list. For example: One of the six priority directions of the Nest action agenda is ‘Improving the social and emotional wellbeing of young Australians' (pig 14). 2. Introduce the priority direction highlighting the significance for Australian children and youth You could: Discuss what Is social and emotional wellbeing and what are the benefits or outcomes of emotional and social wellbeing for children and youth.For example the early year's research provides evidence that Infant bonding and positive early life social experiences can strengthen healthy brain development providing the potential for greater educational achievement and the capacity to form successful relationships (National Scientific Council on the Developing Child 2004, Children's Emotional Development Is Built into the Architecture of Their Brains: Working Paper No. 2. Http://www. Developmentally. Net). 3.Identify the current status of child and youth health and wellbeing in Australia (birth to 24 years) in your selected priority direction and present the problem currently faced in Australia. Identify Australian statistics from various resources that indicate the outcomes related social and emotional wellbeing for Australian children. You may use RACY evidence such as Report Card: The wellbeing of young Australians along with other Australian sources e. G. AYAH to support your discussion.The RACY Report Card uses the average of all ‘Loved and Safe' measures to provide a global indicator of social and emotional wellbeing. You can refer to this. You could also provide statistics related to various determinants and related outcomes for this priority area and issues how the factor is relevant e. G. Bullying and the impact on youth mental health. 4. Discuss what determinants of health and wellbeing are contributing to these outcomes . Identify determinants from across various contexts influencing child and youth outcome I. E. Processes in the micro, mess, ex. Or macro systems.In this section you can discuss the factors that influence the statistics and health outcomes you have raised in your essay. For example identify various determinants of social and emotional wellbeing including both protective and risk factors. Discuss owe unemployment (ex.) might affect family functioning (micro) such as positive communication. 5. Propose strategies supported by research and the literature that will help achieve one or more aspects of the Nest action agenda vision for Australia's children and in any context influencing child and youth outcomes I. . Processes in the micro, mess, ex. Or macro systems. Intimidates is a school health promotion program that helps schools support young people to achieve their goals, build relationships and cope with challenges (http:// wry. Intimidates. Due. AU/about-Intimidates/what-is-Intimid ates). How can implementation be encouraged in your local school? Tips on the structure of your essay You have some freedom in this assessment task to select broad or focused issues impacting on child and youth health.This will impact on how to present your work. Plan your presentation carefully. Your presentation can follow the order of assignment tasks listed in the unit outline or you may reorder the information to improve the logical flow of your ideas and the essay. You can present your work as an essay however, you may use headings to respond to the various tasks. A good resource on effective writing and how to write an essay is: http://unlearning. IOW. Due. AU/main. HTML.See also a comparison between essay and a report style http://unlearning. IOW. Due. AU/report/l b. HTML Correct referencing following the Harvard style is required See the marking criteria in the unit outline for the areas your work will be assessed against. Each lecturer will arrange a webbing session for yo ur group where you can ask question about the first assessment. These sessions will be recorded so that if you can't attend the set time you can listen to the questions and answers at a later time.

Discuss the global roles and responsibilities of a newly qualified nurse The WritePass Journal

Discuss the global roles and responsibilities of a newly qualified nurse Introduction Discuss the global roles and responsibilities of a newly qualified nurse IntroductionDECISION MAKING PROCESSPatient Group Direction (PGD)When can PGDs be used?Which POMs can be supplied or administered under a PGD?How should PGDs be drawn up?Pharmacy Only (P) and General Sales List (GSL) MedicinesConclusion References:Related Introduction The aim of this assignment is to discuss the global roles and responsibilities of the newly qualified nurse. The exercise will begin by briefly looking at the transition from student to nurse and thereafter outlining the basic roles of the newly qualified nurse and try to fit them into appropriate professional skills. In addition, there will be a critical examination of two roles in more detail with one of them focusing on Patient Group Directions (PGD), and justify their importance. We will then look at some legal, professional and ethical considerations before making a conclusion on the future role development of the nurse. The NMC require a student nurse to demonstrate professional and ethical practice, be competent in care delivery and care management, and show personal and professional development in order to join the register (NMC, 2010). On becoming a qualified nurse, the expectations and dynamics of relationships changes fundamentally. Suddenly the newly qualified nurse is the one who must ‘know the answer’, whether it is a query from a patient, a carer, a work colleague or a student. The newly qualified nurse will encounter many challenging situations where she or he must lead care delivery. This includes dealing with care management within the team, dealing with patients/service users, dealing with other professionals, and dealing with the required needs of the whole workplace environment. These changes require a large shift from the experience of being a student and a mentored supervised learner, so it is essential that one is equipped with all the skills required to successfully make the transition. The newly qualified nurse must demonstrate they are fit to enter the NMC register and therefore be eligible to practice as a qualified nurse. In all cases, the newly qualified nurse is seen as: Provider of care Educator Counsellor Collaborator Researcher Change Agent Patient Advocate Manager The above are typically the roles of a newly qualified nurse which can be compressed into the NMC professional skills requirements listed below: Maintaining standards of care Making ethical and legal decisions Being accountable Teamworking Teaching others Being in charge. It is recognized that there is a certain amount of overlap in these professional skills and that some concepts cross all of them, in that there are no clear lines drawn where one skill ends and another starts. For the purpose of this analysis, we will look at the issue of making ethical and legal decisions and the Patient Group Direction. Decisions and actions are taken by nurses in the course of day-to-day practice. One would not usually consider each of the skills or concepts in isolation in relation to particular incidents but would make a decision based on the factors contributing to the situation. However, when analysing any situation, in the decisions made and the actions taken, some of the individual conceptual principles may be recognized and highlighted. For example, asking a member of staff to complete a task on your behalf is delegating. This fits neatly into leadership theory and also relates to aspects of accountability. Completing a health and safety audit in the work environment might relate to management theory and responsibility taken on. Completing a review of an individual’s care and setting goals for them in multidisciplinary meetings might relate to team working theory. Reporting of poor practices or environments might relate to aspects of accountability and maintaining standards of care. However, all of the above aspects could arise from analysing one situation where the nurse has to make decisions about a certain aspect of care management thus emphasizing the great importance of making ethical and legal decisions. DECISION MAKING PROCESS Nurses are problem solvers who use the nursing process as their tool. The chief goal of ethical decision-making process is to determine right and wrong in situations where clear demarcations are not apparent, and then search for the best answer. For a newly qualified nurse, the following will be a guide to making ethical decisions: State the Dilemma State dilemma clearly, determine whether the problem/decision involves the nurse or only the patient, focus attention on ethical principles and follow the client’s wishes first while considering the family input in case of unconsciousness. Collect and Analyze Data Know client’s and family’s wishes and all information about the problem. Keep abreast of any up to date legal and ethical issues; which may also overlap. Consider Choices of Action – Most ethical dilemmas have multiple solutions, some of which are more feasible than others. The more options that are identified, the more likely it is that an acceptable solution can be identified. It may require input from outside sources and other professionals such as Social workers etc. Make the Decision – The most difficult part of the process is making the decision, following through with the action, and then living with the consequences. Ethical dilemmas produce differences of opinion and not every one is pleased with the decision but it must be emphasized that client’s wishes always supercede the decision by health care providers but ideally, a collaborative decision is made by client, family, doctor and nurse thus producing fewer complications. Act – Once a course of action has been determined, the decision must be carried out. Implementing the decision usually involves collaboration with others. Evaluate – Unexpected outcomes are common in crisis situations that result in ethical dilemmas. It is important for decision makers to determine the impact an immediate decision may have on future ones. It is also important to consider whether a different course of action might have resulted in a better outcome. If the outcome accomplished its purpose, the ethical dilemma should be resolved and if the dilemma has not been resolved, additional deliberation is needed. Patient Group Direction (PGD) The legislation (Statutory Instrument, 200a) states that ‘Patient Group Direction means – in connection with the supply of a prescription only medicine a written direction relating to the supply and administration of a description or class of prescription only medicine or a written direction relating to the administration of a description or class of description only medicine, and which in the case of either is signed by a doctor and by a pharmacist; and relates to the supply and administration, or to administration, to persons generally (subject to any exclusions which may be set out in the Direction).’ In practice this means that a PGD, signed by a doctor and agreed by a pharmacist, can act as a direction to a nurse to supply and/or administer prescription-only medicines (POMs) to patients using their own assessment of patient need, without necessarily referring back to a doctor for an individual prescription. When can PGDs be used? The law is clear that the majority of care should be provided on an individual, patient-specific basis, and that the supply and administration of medicines under PGDs should be reserved for those situations where this offers an advantage for patient care (without compromising safety), and where it is consistent with appropriate professional relationships and accountability. The RCN interprets this to mean that PGDs should only be used to supply and/or administer POMs to homogeneous patient groups where presenting characteristics and requirements are sufficiently consistent for them to be included in the PGD e.g. infants and children requiring immunisation as part of a national programme. Which POMs can be supplied or administered under a PGD? PGDs can be used to supply and administer a wide range of POMs although there are currently legislative and ‘good practice’ restrictions in relation to controlled drugs, antimicrobials and black triangle drugs. Controlled drugs The use of controlled drugs continues to be regulated under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and associated regulations made under that Act. The Home Office has agreed to allow the supply and administration of substances on Schedule 4 (with the exclusion of anabolic steroids) and all substances on schedule 5 to be included in PGDs. Antimicrobials can be included within a PGD but consideration must be given to the risk of increased resistance within the general community. When seeking to draw up a PGD for antimicrobials, a local microbiologist should be involved and approval sought from the drug and therapeutics committee or equivalent. Black triangle drugs and medicines used outside the terms of the Summary of Product Characteristics Black triangle drugs (i.e. those recently licensed and subject to special reporting arrangements for adverse reactions) and medicines used outside the terms of the Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) – sometimes called ‘off label use’ (for example, as used in some areas of specialist paediatric care) may be included in PGDs. Their use should be exceptional and justified by best clinical practice, and a direction should clearly describe the status of the products. How should PGDs be drawn up? The law (Statutory Instrument, 2000a) requires that PGDs should be drawn up by a pharmacist and the doctor who works with the nurses who will be using them. The relevant health authority should also ratify the PGD. In England, when PGDs are developed locally, HSC 2000/026 (NHSE, 2000) requires that a senior doctor and a senior pharmacist sign them off with authorisation from the appropriate health organisation, i.e. the trust, and that all nurses using the directions are specifically named within the PGD and signed by them. The RCN acknowledges this as good practice and recommends the following steps be taken throughout the UK. The NMC Standards for Medicines Management (2007) state that ‘the administration of drugs via PGDs may not be delegated and students cannot supply or administer under a PGD. Students would however be expected to understand the principles and be involved in the process (NMC 2007). Failure to ascertain that a PGD is the most appropriate route can lead to waste of valuable time and resource and place increased risk on delivery and quality of patient care. Anyone involved with PGDs (whether developing, authorising or practising under them) should understand the scope and limitations of PGDs as well as the wider context into which they fit to ensure safe, effective services for patients. Any extension to professional roles with regard to administration and supply of medicines must take into account the need to protect patient safety, ensure continuity of care and safeguard patient choice and convenience. It also has to be cost effective and bring demonstrable benefits to patient care. Any practice requiring a PGD that fails to comply with the criteria falls outside of the Law and could result in criminal prosecution under the Medicines Act. With regard to the written instruction required for the supply and administration of medicines by non-professionals, Medicines Matters (2006) (3) clarifies that a suitably trained non-professional member of staff can only administer medicines under a Patient Specific Direction (PSD). Medicine Matters (2006) states that: Patient Specific Direction is the traditional written instruction, from a doctor, dentist, nurse or pharmacist independent prescriber, for medicines to be supplied or administered to a named patient. The majority of medicines are still supplied or administered using this process. There is nothing in legislation to prevent PSDs being used to administer medicines to several named patients e.g. on a clinic list. PSDs are a direct instruction and therefore do not require an assessment of the patient by the health care professional instructed to supply or administer the medicine. Pharmacy Only (P) and General Sales List (GSL) Medicines Medicines legislation states that a PGD is not required to administer a P or GSL medicine. The use of a simple protocol is advisable for best practice and from a governance perspective. All medicines administered must be recorded in the patients medical record. Where a GSL medicine is to be supplied it must be taken from lockable premises and supplied in a pre-pack which is fully labelled and meets the GSL requirements. A PGD will be necessary for the supply of P medicines by anyone other than a registered pharmacist. Recommend further advice to be sought from a pharmacist. (Ref: NPC PGDs 2004). For safe administration of drugs, the newly qualified nurse must give the right dose of the right drug to the right patient in the right route at the right time. When giving medications, the nurse needs to be aware of possible interactions between the patient’s different drugs. It is the nurse’s responsibility to protect the patient from harm. If they think the wrong drug or the wrong dose has been ordered, they must ask for help from the nurse or the doctor in charge. The newly qualified nurse needs to know the doses of the drug which are safe to administer. Sometimes the pharmacy gives out drugs in grams when the order specifies milligrams, or the other way around. They need to know how to convert these. It is important to know what types of dilemmas newly qualified nurses may face during their careers and how they may deal with it. It is also important for nurses to understand what malpractice is and how they may protect themselves from a malpractice suit. Firstly, it is important to understand the difference between law and ethics. Ethics examines the values and actions of people. Often times, there is no one right course of action when one is faced with an ethical dilemma. On the other hand, laws are binding rules of conduct. When laws are broken, it is punishable by an authority. There are four types of situations that pertain to law and ethics. The first would be an action that is both legal and ethical. An example of this would be a nurse carrying out appropriate doctors orders as ordered. A nurse may also be faced with an action that may be ethical but not legal, such as allowing a cancer patient to smoke marijuana for medicinal purposes. The opposite may arise where an action may be legal but not ethical. Finally, an action may be neither legal nor ethical. For example, when a nurse makes a medication error and does not take responsibility to report to it appropriately. The right of service users to expect practitioners to act in their best interests is reinforced by professional codes of conduct and legislation such as the Mental Health Act. It is also reflected in equality of opportunity legislations such as the Sex Discrimination Act and the Race Relation Act, which aim to ensure that everybody has equal access to and is offered equal care by health and social care service. Patient’s right to confidentiality under statutory duties is stipulated in the Data Protection Act, Article 8 European Convention of Human Rights, Access to Personal Files Act 1987 and Access to Health Record Acts 1990. The code does require that nurses must disclose information if they believe someone may be at risk of harm in line with the law. As a nurse, respecting autonomy means you must effectively communicate with patients, be truthful, enable patients to make decisions freely, provide appropriate information and accept the patient’s preferences. Legally, patients must be given enough information to make a balanced judgement however we must be aware that if nurses fail to comply with the legal duty of disclosure, they could face a negligence claim. However, under the principle of therapeutic privilege they can legally withhold information that they think will harm the patient Some patients whether children or adults are unable either to make or to communicate their decisions therefore they lack (or have limited) capacity. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 that create and clarifies the common law on consent in England and Wales, affects everyone aged 16 and over, and provides a statutory framework to empower and protect people who may not be able to make some decisions for themselves. The moral justifications for acting without consent are the principles of beneficence (the duty to do good) and non-maleficence (the duty to do no harm). Paternalism is overriding someone’s autonomy because you think it is for their own good. However, it is justifiable if we can demonstrate that the patient is at risk of significant, preventable harm, or the action will probably prevent the harm, or the patient’s capacity for rational reflection is either absent or significantly impaired, or at a later time, it can be assumed that the patient will approve of the decision taken on his/her behalf, or the benefits to the patient of intervention outweigh the risks. Also, we live in a society where demands for accountability and taking responsibility are so commonplace that pinning the blame on someone or something has become almost a fad. The NHS’ culture of blame has developed basically because no one wants to be accountable or responsible for actions or omissions hence there are no longer any accidents or mistakes. Principles of beneficence and non-maleficence underpin the concept of fault – which lies at the heart of negligence law. Beneficence means that you must act in ways that benefit others (i.e. duty to care), and Non-maleficence means that you have a duty not to harm others nor subject them to risk of harm. Every nursing intervention that aims to benefit patients may at the same time also harm them. Sometimes the harm will be unavoidable or even intentional and at other times it can be unintentional and unexpected, therefore it is appropriate to think about the principles of non-maleficence and beneficence together in order to balance harm and benefits against each other. We can resolve this problem responsibility and accountability. These words are sometimes used interchangeably because they do overlap but in actual fact they do not mean the same thing. Being responsible can mean that it is your job or role to deal with something and/or that you have caused something to happen. Accountability on the other hand is about justifying your action or omissions and establishing whether there are good enough reasons for acting in the way you did. Even where the newly qualified nurse delegate tasks to others, such as nursing auxiliaries or care assistants she/he is accountable to the   patients through a duty of care, underpinned by a common-law duty to promote safety and efficiency, and legal responsibility through civil law, the employer as defined by your contract of employment, the profession as stated in the relevant codes of conduct and the public. Conclusion All newly qualified nurses were faced with assumptions from others that they should ‘know everything’. This was also a high expectation they had of themselves. In meeting the NMC standards of proficiency the nurse should have demonstrated the relevant knowledge and skills in order to practise in their relevant specialized fields. However, it is important to recognize that not every nurse knows everything about everything in their field, especially if they are practising in highly specialized fields. What they need is to be able to develop and adapt to changing situations. Therefore, for the nurse it is impossible to know everything, but they should have developed the skills to find out relevant information, reflect on it, and apply this to their practice. In essence they should have learned how to learn. There is a great deal to be learned once qualified, especially related to a nurse’s ‘new’ area of work and a good deal of the development needs to ta ke place ‘on the job’. References: Bach, S. Grant, A., 2009. Communication Interpersonal Skills for Nurses. Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. Chitty, K. K., 2001. Professional Nursing: concepts challenges. 3rd ed. Pennsylvania: W. B. Saunders Company. Davis, M., 1988. Managing Care – Teaching Nurses Workbook. London: DLC South Bank Polytechnic. Dimond, B., 2008. Legal Aspects of Nursing. 5th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Dimond, B., 2009. Legal Aspects of Consent. 2nd ed. London: MA Healthcare Limited. Lancaster, J. Lancaster, W., 1982. The nurse as a change agent. Missouri: The C.V. Mosby Company. Nursing Midwifery Council, 2010. Standards for medicine management. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. Nursing Midwifery Council, 2010. The Code. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2010). Competencies for entry to the register (Online). Available at standards.nmc-uk.org   (Accessed March 18, 2011). Royal College of Nursing (2006). Patient Group Directions: Guidance and Information for Nurses. Londoon: RCN

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Energy from Municipal Solid Waste in the U.K - Dissertation Example Based on this research energy production is an important practice for the successful running of communities, cities and countries. With the advancing use of technology and other forms of machinery the world over, the use of various forms of energy (power) to run machinery for both domestic and industrial purposes is inevitable. But one critical situation that seems to be developing very fast is the seemingly expensive cost of energy for domestic and industrial use. Studies have however showed that energy would generally be expensive when demand for the product is higher than supply can meet. This means that one important problem that the United Kingdom must be seeking to tackle if it does not want to deal with high cost of energy is to look critically at the making of the availability of energy abundant. To do this, sources of energy must be diverse and easy to come by. It is also important that the cost of production of these energies become highly economical. This is because even i f the source and supply of energy is abundant but its cost of production is high, chances are that the consumer would have to buy the energy at higher price. More to the issue of availability is the issue of environmental protection in the quest of supplying uninterrupted and affordable sources of energy. Indeed, energy sources that are produced with consequential effects on the environment are as hollow as they were not produced at all. This is because the situation creates a typical scenario of ‘robbing Peter to pay Paul’. ... Basically, such claims have only remained hypothetical with very minimal scientific researches to back them. This is a major problem that needs to be addressed because by addressing the problem, there is every indication that this is going to do a lot of good to science as a subject, mechanical engineering as a discipline and United Kingdom in general. 1.3 Research Aims and Objectives The overall aim of this research is to find out the potential of energy from municipal solid waste over other forms of energy. To do this, there is the need for setting specific objectives. This is because specific objectives are minor goals that need to be achieved before the overall aim can be said to be achieved. Below are the specific objectives that need to be achieved for the overall research aim to be achieved: 1. To critically scrutinise the position of the United Kingdom in tapping the potentials in energy from municipal solid waste by the use of PESTLE analysis 2. To find out how PESTLE analys is on municipal solid waste energy management in the United Kingdom favours of disfavours the country’s potential to maximise the use of energy from municipal solid waste 3. To outline the various solid waste management options available to the United Kingdom as a nation 4. To bring out the waste legislation in the United Kingdom that controls municipal solid waste management and handling 5. To relate the legislation discussed above to how they impede or promote the fulfilment of energy generation from municipal solid waste 6. To establish the environmental impact of energy recovery from municipal solid waste 7. To design a model solid waste energy extraction plant for use at medium scale level 1.4 Significance of the Study The specific objectives outlined

Difficult Mothers Essay Example for Free

Difficult Mothers Essay In Jamaica Kincaid â€Å"The Estrangement† not talking to your mom after a huge fight and 3 years later she’s dead must be hard for someone. Kincaid talks about how when she, and her 3 brothers were young, they saw her as a God, because her mom was always there, making sure if they were alright. Most children think their mother is the number one, especially for man, since they are more related to the mother, and the girls feel more protected with the dads. That is why neither she nor her brothers could understand how the youngest son, when he was dying of AIDS her mother was always taking care of him, helping with his disease. Moms are always trying to see if her children are doing well, trying to make them always feel better when something is going wrong. Kincaid is letting us know how much she suffered with her mom because of her attitude, but when she becomes one, all of this will make sense, all of the drama, the anger, and the great things She was just being a mom. The oldest sister said that she never knew who her father was, since her mother when she was pregnant, stole money from the dad and ran away, that was the reason why her father never met her, but it was ok with her, since she did not need him. She had the father of her 3 brothers, who knew about him, actually more than the same sons. Physiologists say that â€Å"Father is not the person who gives life, but the person who is always there for you† that is why she never wanted to meet the [real father]. Most people might say that her/his mother is never the way she is at home that she is in public, which happens to all of us, don’t you agree? That is why when the mother died, in the funeral everyone was talking so nice about her, how she was so [generous], [kind], etc. But that was not the mother they knew, but totally the opposite. Always telling them horrible things such as, how much she hated the life her children were having. Being a mom has got to be the most beautifu l thing in the world, seeing your kid growing up inside you for 9 months, and then watching those kids grow older, and see what they become. One impressive thing about this essay, is how at the beginning the daughter says how she’s never going to speak again to her mother, result of a conversation they both had, and turned out to be ugly, when the mother said that her daughter’s life was disappointment because she did not accomplished anything, and her life was just [messed up]. After her youngest brother died, she and her two brothers talked about his/her brother felt when he was with his mom, they wondered how that would feel that? And after everything, they finally said [we would rather be dead than spending eternity with her] Some children don’t realized how much their mother did for them, so they could have a better life, a better way of living, and instead of saying â€Å"thanks† is by saying [I would rather see you dead that spending more time beside you]. Instead of hating so much her mother, she realizes that everything she does everything she thinks, or even says, reminds her mother. And that is just the nature of being a mother, you spent the last 20 years next to your mom, and saw how she tried to influence you to be a better person, and that might or might not worked, but you just know that is the way you should go. All mothers hope that their children will be thankful for everything they have done to make them live an easier life, they just want to make you feel how loved you were and you are. The daughter at the end of the essay says how badly she wants her children to be around her for the most time, but if not, now that they are kids, she will enjoy them, and knowing that she had the best time with them. And now says that she is conscious that she is never talking again to her mother (because she is dead) but, she will always be in eternity with her. At some point they will be together, again.

Gender Inequality and Social Class Differences in Society Essay

Sociology forms the core study of human interaction both in the role of household labor and at the group level. Several writers have stated it for instance. J. Scott (1994) writes that it is important to note that the gender roles of men and women are clearly defined right from birth based on culture, social status and their economic environment. The environment in this case needs both external and internal interactions with their society. In order to investigate the possible contribution of this practice to gender inequality, this paper focuses on how gender and social class has perpetuated inequality within the society and brings up possible solutions to control it. Over the years, the roles of men and women have been the key study of sociologists (for example Astin & Aseguera, 2004) in their study investigating the balance of higher education. This study noted that women serving in various levels of school and work still have additional family problems. It is further argued that other issues form these issues in gender roles. For example, look at biology as a gender determinant. It is naturally designed that women are capable of giving birth while men are only capable of being a caring parent. Women therefore are naturally occupying a reproductive role in society. Which in essence clearly indicates that through family a gender role is clearly defined. It is the relationship between these structures that dictates the role of women and men. Alternatively, in a natural sense, women are less masculine than men and therefore are always seen to be weaker than men. Hence are assigned a less heavy role than men. Looking at culture as a way of determining gender roles. Once children are born and raised the recommended way of life in t... ... is also important to provide access to an equal participation platform for both genders in order to avoid intimidation of the perceived weaker gender. However, in the opinion of this paper, empowerment through information and gender role education is the most efficient way to overcome this tragedy of inequality among and within the members of society. Works Cited Harriet, B. P. Employment Schedules Among Dual-Earner Spouses and the Division of Household Labor by Gender. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. Scott, J. Housework in Marital and Nonmarital Households. Berkeley: University California Press, 1994. Coon, D. Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behavior (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2001. Astin, A., & Oseguera, L. The declining â€Å"equity†of American higher education. The Review of Higher Education,2004.

Term Limits For Legislators Essay examples -- essays research papers

Term Limits For Legislators When the Constitution of the United States was adopted in 1789, it was without direction regarding term limits for legislators. At the time, professional politicians were unheard of, and the idea of someone serving for more than one or two terms was unlikely. So the Constitution did not formally address the issue of term limits, although it was understood that officeholders would limit themselves to one or two terms and then return to private life (1). With the advent of the modern state, however, came the making of Congress as a career, and thus the voluntary removal of oneself from office, as envisioned by the founders, is no longer regularly undertaken in the United States Congress. The structure of the Congress supports members who have held office for several terms thereby undermining the idea of the citizen-legislator put forth by the founders. Instead of citizens who will soon return to the community that elected them, professional Congress-people spend more time in Washington than in t heir home states, and usually make Congress their career. What has developed in recent years, in response to congressional careerism, is the drive to impose limits on the length of time someone may serve in Congress. Currently, advocates of term limits are calling for two terms in the Senate, and three in the House. It is possible, then, for a member to serve six years in the House, twelve years in the Senate, eight years as Vice President, and eight years as President, a total of thirty-six years. It is not unlikely, therefore, that there will continue to be career politicians. The issue is not about total time that one may participate in government, rather it is about how long one may serve in a particular capacity. Term limits enjoy popular, but not political, support, thereby polarizing the electorate and the elected. This paper will discuss the popular support for term limits, the arguments on both sides, and draw conclusions about the need for Congressional term limits in the United States Support for term limits encompasses close to three-quarters of the American population (2). The question is why. The simple answer is that the American people no longer trust a system they view as corrupt and biased towards the few. But the issue is really not this simple, nor is its basis of support. While on the surface it is corruption and bias... ...'s Path to a Representative Congress" U.S. Term Limits Foundation Outlook Series July, 1994 Vol.3 No.2 www.termlimits.org/index.shtml Fund, John H "Term Limitation: An Idea Whose Time Has Come" Policy Analysis No. 141 October 30, 1990 www.cato.org/pubs/pas/policyanalysis.html "Term Limits Excellent New Strategy" The Florida Times Union October 1, 1996 www.termlimits.org/index.shtml Jacob, Paul "Choosing Term Limits" The Washington Times August 7, 1996 www.termlimits.org Jacob, Paul "Whose Government is it Anyway?" www.termlimits.org/index.shtml Kolbe, John "Term Limits Sledgehammer" Phoenix Gazette June 7, 1996 www.termlimits.org Levine, Herbert M. Point-Counterpoint: Readings in American Government St. Martin's Press, New York. 1995 Nelson, Lars-Erik "A Very Special Class of Federal Employee" The Washington Post January 5, 1996 www.termlimits.org/index.shtml O'Connor, Karen and Larry J. Sabato American Government: Roots and Reform Allyn and Bacon, Massachusetts. 1996 Petracca, Mark "The Poison of Professional Politics" Policy Analysis No. 151 May 10, 1996 www.cato.org/pubs/pas/policyanalysis..html

Freedom Is Our Birthright

In 1890’s many Indian leaders began to explore more radical objectives and methods of Nationalism. This was the Extremist phase of Indian Nationalism. The extremist leaders such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bepin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai criticized the Moderates for their politics of prayers and emphasized the importance of self-reliance and constructive work. They asked people to rely on their own strength and fight for Swaraj. Viceroy Curzon partitioned Bengal in 1905 for administrative convenience. But whose convenience? Surely the convenience of the British related to the interest of British officials and businessmen. Perhaps the main motive behind partitioning Bengal was to curtail the influence of Bengali politicians and to split Bengali people. This partition infuriated people all over India and everyone opposed it. Public meetings and demonstrations were held. The struggle that unfolded came to be known as the Swadeshi movement. This movement opposed British rule and encouraged the ideas of self-help, swadeshi enterprise national education and use of Indian languages. ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE: The All India Muslim League was formed at Dacca in 1906 by a group of Muslim landlords and nawabs. The League supported the partition of Bengal and desired separate electorates for Muslims. In the year 1916, the Muslim League united with Congress and signed a pact known as the Lucknow Pact and decided to work together for representative government in the government. ADVENT OF MAHATMA GANDHI: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born at Porbandar, Gujarat in the year 1869. He was an advocate by profession and practiced law at South Africa. He returned to India in 1915 and emerged as a mass leader. He was a respectable leader as he led Indians in South Africa in non-violent marches against racist restrictions. After his return to India he spent his first year travelling throughout the country, understanding the people, their needs and the overall situation. In 1919, Mahatma Gandhi gave a call for satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act( an Act which curbed the freedom of expression of the Indian people and strengthened police powers). He asked the Indian people to observe 6th April 1919 as a day of non-violent opposition to this Act, as a day of humiliation and prayer and strike. The Rowlatt Satyagraha turned out to be the first all-India struggle against the British government.

Free Essays on Dutch Republic

Essay: Dutch Republic There were many challenges that the Dutch Republic faced and had to try to overcome between 1650 and 1713. Unity wasn’t at it highest point during this time period either because of some problems that they faced. Prosperity was very vital to them because they needed money to fund the actions that they were planning. They had many security concerns that needed to be dealt with, including some foreign problems. The Dutch had many problems that they had to face but they eventually overcame them. Unity was a main concern but the Dutch seemed to fall short at their attempt. The French monarchs had helped the Dutch a lot of times but they also betrayed them as well. One of the many ways is how the French tried to stop and take over the trade and navigation of the merchants that were shipping for the Dutch Republic. (Doc-7) In a government document of the Dutch Republic, it says that there were problems with an election for a new king; do to the variations between the Dutch provinces. (Doc-9) With this being written by the Dutch Republic it must have been an accurate report stating some of the problems they had. There were many problems regarding unity that the Dutch had to face and were challenged by. Prosperity was at an extremely low point for the Dutch Republic because of poor decisions that were made. Sir George Downing, an English ambassador, wrote a letter to the English Government that stated that Holland would be stuck with the financial burden of all the other provinces in the event of a war. (Doc-4) With Downing being an ambassador he had experience and would know what was going to happen and he stated his opinion. A Colonial Administrator of the Dutch Republic wrote a letter stating, profits of our East Indian trade have turned into losses and the java trade is declining. With an Administrator stating this it shows that the Dutch were in a mess because of the wars that were happening and... Free Essays on Dutch Republic Free Essays on Dutch Republic Essay: Dutch Republic There were many challenges that the Dutch Republic faced and had to try to overcome between 1650 and 1713. Unity wasn’t at it highest point during this time period either because of some problems that they faced. Prosperity was very vital to them because they needed money to fund the actions that they were planning. They had many security concerns that needed to be dealt with, including some foreign problems. The Dutch had many problems that they had to face but they eventually overcame them. Unity was a main concern but the Dutch seemed to fall short at their attempt. The French monarchs had helped the Dutch a lot of times but they also betrayed them as well. One of the many ways is how the French tried to stop and take over the trade and navigation of the merchants that were shipping for the Dutch Republic. (Doc-7) In a government document of the Dutch Republic, it says that there were problems with an election for a new king; do to the variations between the Dutch provinces. (Doc-9) With this being written by the Dutch Republic it must have been an accurate report stating some of the problems they had. There were many problems regarding unity that the Dutch had to face and were challenged by. Prosperity was at an extremely low point for the Dutch Republic because of poor decisions that were made. Sir George Downing, an English ambassador, wrote a letter to the English Government that stated that Holland would be stuck with the financial burden of all the other provinces in the event of a war. (Doc-4) With Downing being an ambassador he had experience and would know what was going to happen and he stated his opinion. A Colonial Administrator of the Dutch Republic wrote a letter stating, profits of our East Indian trade have turned into losses and the java trade is declining. With an Administrator stating this it shows that the Dutch were in a mess because of the wars that were happening and...

The Trials and Triumphs of Robert E. Hayden

The Trials and Triumphs of Robert E. Hayden The poem that I chose was Those Winter Sundays written by Robert Earl Hayden. This poem is about a man who reflects back on his troubled childhood. As an adult, Robert can see that the bad things he endured as a child were not entirely his father?s fault. He realized the positive things that his dad did for him and regrets not saying Thank-you. There are many influences in which could have played a part in Those Winter Sundays. Some of the influences were differential treatment between siblings, verbal and physical abuse, and the lack of physical affection from his parents.Robert Hayden was born as Asa Bundy Sheffey on August 4, 1913 in Detroit, Michigan. His parents were Asa and Gladys Sheffey. Asa and Gladys were experiencing marital problems; they separated before the birth of their son. Gladys Sheffey felt confused; she wanted to be involved in her son?s life but could not manage it alone.English: Ann Arbor as seen from the University of ...She decided to give her son up for adop tion. A couple named William and Sue Ellen Hayden took young Asa in. The couple then had Asa?s birth name changed to Robert Earl Hayden.American poet, Robert Earl Hayden, had a reputation for finely crafted and powerfully meditative poems. He was raised in a poor neighborhood in Detroit. He was shuttled between the homes of his mother and that of his foster family, who lived next door for most of his childhood. Robert was unable to participate in sports, because of impaired vision. Robert spent most of his time inside where he would do nothing but read. In 1932, Robert graduated from high school and, with the help of a scholarship, attended Detroit City College (now known as Wayne State University).Robert Hayden published his first book of poems, Heart Shape in the Dust,

The Difference Between Design and Utility Patents

The Difference Between Design and Utility Patents A design patent protects only the ornamental appearance of an invention, not its utilitarian features. A utility patent would protect the way an article is used and works. It can be very confusing to understand the difference between a design patent and other types of intellectual property. Understanding Utility Patents It can get tricky because while design and utility patents provide separate types of protection, the utility and ornamentally of an invention are not easily separable. Inventions have both functional and ornamental characteristics and you can apply for both a design and a utility patent for the same invention. Moreover, if the design does provide utility for an invention (for example; the ergonomic shape design of a keyboard makes it useful as an invention that provides comfort and reduces carpal tunnel syndrome) then you would apply for a utility patent to protect the design. Understanding Copyrights Design patents protect the novel ornamental features of a utilitarian invention. Copyrights can also protect things that are ornamental, however, copyrights do not have to protect useful things for example, a fine art painting or sculpture. Understanding Trademarks Design patents can be filed for the same subject matter protected by a trademark. However, two different set of laws apply to patents and trademarks. For example, if the shape of a keyboard was protected by a design patent then anybody copying your shape would be infringing upon your patent rights. If the shape of your keyboard was trademark registered, anybody copying your keyboard shape and causing confusion for consumers (i.e. causing you to lose sales) would be infringing upon on your trademark. Legal Definition of Design According to the USPTO: A design consists of the visual ornamental characteristics embodied in, or applied to, an article of manufacture. Since a design is manifested in appearance, the subject matter of a design patent application may relate to the configuration or shape of an article, to the surface ornamentation applied to an article, or to the combination of configuration and surface ornamentation. A design for surface ornamentation is inseparable from the article to which it is applied and cannot exist alone. It must be a definite pattern of surface ornamentation, applied to an article of manufacture. The Difference Between the Invention and the Design An ornamental design may be embodied in the entire invention or only a part of the invention. The design could be ornamentation applied to the surface of an invention. Note: When preparing your design patent application and creating your patent drawings; if a design is just surface ornamentation, it must be shown applied to an article in the patent drawings, and the article must be shown in broken lines, as it forms no part of the claimed design. Be Aware There is a big difference between a design and utility patent, realize that a design patent may not give you the protection desired. An unscrupulous invention promotion company may mislead you in this way.

Novel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Novel - Essay Example However, some ideas of afterlife are based on the notion of rebirth. Other ideas believe in the existence of an afterlife where dead people reside in a supernatural environment determined by gods or other supernatural beings based on the activities and beliefs of the dead while they were still alive. With reference to the already existing afterlife, this paper aims at presenting a creativity based new afterlife idea. It is a common notion that afterlife always comes in the form of a punishment or reward for the things that people do during their lifetime. This afterlife idea is based on the things that people do during the time when they still live (Sebold 89). The things that people do when they are alive are always a matter of choices. Some people choose to do good while other chooses to do evil or bad. It will seem unfair for those people who choose to do bad things to be treated in the same way that those who always did good are treated. If in any case life would completely end at death, then the two types of human beings would be absolutely the same (Coward and Coward 101). However, this idea of afterlife seeks to reward those people who did good during their lifetime while making sure that those who did wrong would always be denied the benefits that those who do good get. This idea of an afterlife has its basis on social classes and rebirth. Social class is a very influential thing in human life. Therefore, being in a higher social class will definitely make the life of the individual seem better (Zevin 90). On the other hand, when someone’s social class is lowered they will definitely live a lifestyle that is less comfortable when compared with the type of lifestyle that they used to live before. Social class in the idea is used to either reward good deeds during lifetime or punish bad ones during the same period. Social class refers to the hierarchical and the categorical classification of human beings in the society. The most